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The questions are the followings:



1. Specify the definition and the types of drought
Ans. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or underground water.
*Agricultural Drought
*Meteorological Drought
*Hydrological Drought
*Socioeconomic Drought



1.
2.   List and shortly describe the basic principles of sustainable management
The principle of holistic approach
Principle of intra-generational and inter-generational solidarity
The principle of social justice
The principle of sustainable management of resources
The principle of integration
The principle of utilising local resources
The principle of public participation
The principle of social responsibility
The principle of precaution and prevention
The polluter pays principle.



3 Describe the definitions of environment, environmental management
Ans. Environment is the term commonly use to describe the “natural” environment and refers to the sum of all living and non-living things that surround an organism, or group of organisms.
 Environmental management involves the management of all components of the bio-physical environment, both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic). This is due to the interconnected and network of relationships amongst all living species and their habitats. The environment also involves the relationships of the human environment such as the social, cultural and economic environment with the bio-physical environment.

 
4. Describe the definitions of natural resources, natural resources management.
Ans. A natural resource is anything that people can use which comes from nature. People do not make natural resources, but gather them from the earth. Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood, oil, wind energy, iron, and coal.
Natural resource management refers to the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations (stewardship).




5. Describe the definitions of renewable and non-renewable resources
Ans. A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly because it is replaced naturally. Examples are: oxygen, fresh water, solar energy, timber, and biomass. Renewable resources may also include goods commodities such as wood, paper and leather.
A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas.





6. Definition of soil pollution; describe point and non-point source pollutions

Ans. soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste.

A point source is a single, identifiable source of pollution, such as a pipe or a drain. Industrial wastes are commonly discharged to rivers and the sea in this way. High risk point source waste are regulated through the works approval and licensing system, and associated compliance and enforcement activities.
Non-point sources of pollution are often termed ‘diffuse’ pollution and refer to those inputs and impacts which occur over a wide area and are not easily attributed to a single source. They are often associated with particular land uses, as opposed to individual point source discharges





7. List the main soil pollutants
ANS.
 Oil drilling
Mining and activities by other heavy industries
Accidental spills as may happen during deforestation activities, etc.
Corrosion of underground storage tanks (including piping used to transmit the contents)
Acid rain (in turn caused by air pollution)
Intensive farming
Agrochemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers
Industrial accidents
Road debris
Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil
Waste disposal
Oil and fuel dumping
Nuclear wastes
Direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil
Landfill and illegal dumping
coal ash
Electronic waste
ammunitions and agents of war




8. Describe the factors which water erosion depends on.
ANS.
rainfall intensity (erosivity)—high intensity rainfall creates serious risk as heavy drops on bare soil causes the soil surface to seal.
nature of the soil (erodibility)—clay soils vary in their ability to withstand raindrop impact.



9 Describe the types of water erosion
Ans.
1. Inter-rill erosion: the movement of soil by rain splash and its transport by this surface flow.
2. Rill erosion: erosion by concentrated flow in small rivulets
3. Gully erosion: erosion by runoff scouring large channels (deeper than 1 foot).
4. Streambank erosion: erosion by rivers or streams cutting into banks.



10. Describe the Universal Soil Loss Equation



11. Degradation control of water erosion

 


12. Degradation control of wind erosion




13 List and shortly describe the global environmental problems.

1) Water pollution and water scarcity
2) Air pollution
3) Solid and hazardous wastes
4) Soil degradation
5) Deforestation
6) Loss of Biodiversity
7) Atmospheric change


14. Describe the causes, results and the process of global warming

Cause: is a general increase in world temperatures caused by increased amount of carbon dioxide around the Earth.
Result: Melting of permafrost and polar ice
Rising sea level
Spread of pests and disease
Ecological impacts
Process:CO2 increase => temperature raise


15. Describe the causes, results and the process of the depletion of the ozone shield

Causes: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Halons
Methyl Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Results: Increase UV, increase Climate change
      Human: Increase Vitamin D production, skin cancers, sunburn,..
      Animal: affect mostly through climate change, skin and DNA damage by UV.
      Plant: Affect by UV A and B.


16. Describe the structure of the atmosphere


17. List and describe the types of smog
Sulfurous smog, which is also called “London smog,” results from a high concentration of sulfur oxides in the air and is caused by the use of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels, particularly coal. This type of smog is aggravated by dampness and a high concentration of suspended particulate matter in the air.
Photochemical smog, which is also known as “Los Angeles smog,” occurs most prominently in urban areas that have large numbers of automobiles and requires neither smoke nor fog. This type of smog has its origin in the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon vapours emitted by automobiles and other sources, which then undergo photochemical reactions in the lower atmosphere. The highly toxic gas ozone arises from the reaction of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbon vapours in the presence of sunlight, and some nitrogen dioxide is produced from the reaction of nitrogen oxide with sunlight. The resulting smog causes a light brownish coloration of the atmosphere, reduced visibility, plant damage, irritation of the eyes, and respiratory distress.





18. Describe wet and dry depositions and their effects on environment
Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. As this acidic water flows over and through the ground, it affects a variety of plants and animals. The strength of the effects depend on many factors, including how acidic the water is, the chemistry and buffering capacity of the soils involved, and the types of fish, trees, and other living things that rely on the water.
Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles. About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto buildings, cars, homes, and trees. Dry deposited gases and particles can also be washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. When that happens, the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the combination more acidic than the falling rain alone.


19. Functions and objectives of water management

1. Water Allocation
Allocating water to major water users and uses, maintaining minimum levels for social and environmental use while addressing equity and development needs of society.
2. River basin planning
Preparing and regularly updating the Basin Plan incorporating stakeholder views on development and management priorities for the basin.
3. Stakeholder participation
Implementing stakeholder participation as a basis for decision making that takes into account the best interests of society and the environment in the development and use of water resources in the basin.
4. Pollution control
Managing pollution using polluter pays principles and appropriate incentives to reduce most important pollution problems and minimize environmental and social impact.
5. Monitoring
Implementing effective monitoring systems that provide essential management information and identifying and responding to infringements of laws, regulations and permits.
6. Economic and financial management
Applying economic and financial tools for investment, cost recovery and behavior change to support the goals of equitable access and sustainable benefits to society form water use.
7. Information management
Providing essential data necessary to make informed and transparent decisions and development and sustainable management of water resources in the basin.



20. Describe Water-resources management



21. Describe the water cycle.



22. The general characterization of water uses
Agricultural water use (land use data, water consumption of irrigation and fisheries, harvested area, yields, livestock, gross value added in production, the number of agricultural enterprises, agricultural employment, agricultural wages)
Industrial water use (public and own water supply utility sectors, industrial production, number of employees in the main sectors, wages).
Hydroelectric power production (hydropower production capacity and production data, number of employees)
Shipping, cargo transit (data of quantity and value of goods and ports)
Water Travel (total spending of one tourist-day, water tourism guest nights, number of employees, water tourism revenues)
Pond fish production, fishing (fish meal, angling volume, traffic)
Ecological water uses

23 Describe the steps of the waste water treatment




24. Describe the process and the main steps of biogas production


25. Describe the process and the main steps of compost production





26. Define the difference between biogas and composting process

Literally copy 2 above questions.